Articulus I
Whether Christ's Resurrection Is the Cause of the Resurrection of Our Bodies?
Arg. 1 Objection 1
Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod resurrectio Christi non sit causa resurrectionis corporum. Posita enim causa sufficienti, necesse est effectum poni. Si ergo resurrectio Christi est causa sufficiens resurrectionis corporum, statim, eo resurgente, omnes mortui resurgere debuerunt.
It would seem that Christ's Resurrection is not the cause of the resurrection of our bodies, because, given a sufficient cause, the effect must follow of necessity. If, then, Christ's Resurrection be the sufficient cause of the resurrection of our bodies, then all the dead should have risen again as soon as He rose.
Arg. 2 Objection 2
Praeterea, causa resurrectionis mortuorum est divina iustitia; ut scilicet corpora simul praemientur vel puniantur cum animabus, sicut communicaverunt in merito vel peccato; ut dicit Dionysius, ult. cap. Eccles. Hier., et etiam Damascenus, in IV libro. Sed iustitiam Dei necesse esset impleri, etiam si Christus non resurrexisset. Ergo, etiam Christo non resurgente, mortui resurgerent. Non ergo resurrectio Christi est causa resurrectionis corporum.
Further, Divine justice is the cause of the resurrection of the dead, so that the body may be rewarded or punished together with the soul, since they shared in merit or sin, as Dionysius says (Eccles. Hier. vii) and Damascene (De Fide Orth. iv). But God's justice must necessarily be accomplished, even if Christ had not risen. Therefore the dead would rise again even though Christ did not. Consequently Christ's Resurrection is not the cause of the resurrection of our bodies.
Arg. 3 Objection 3
Praeterea, si resurrectio Christi sit causa resurrectionis corporum, aut esset causa exemplaris; aut causa effectiva; aut causa meritoria. Sed non est causa exemplaris. Quia resurrectionem corporum Deus operabitur, secundum illud Ioan. V, pater suscitat mortuos. Deus autem non indiget inspicere ad aliquod exemplar extra se. Similiter etiam non est causa effectiva. Quia causa efficiens non agit nisi per contactum, vel spiritualem vel corporalem. Manifestum est autem quod resurrectio Christi non agit per contactum corporalem ad mortuos qui resurgent, propter distantiam temporis et loci. Similiter etiam nec per contactum spiritualem, qui est per fidem et caritatem, quia etiam infideles et peccatores resurgent. Neque etiam est causa meritoria. Quia Christus resurgens iam non erat viator, et ita non erat in statu merendi. Et ita nullo modo resurrectio Christi videtur esse causa nostrae resurrectionis.
Further, if Christ's Resurrection be the cause of the resurrection of our bodies, it would be either the exemplar, or the efficient, or the meritorious cause. Now it is not the exemplar cause; because it is God who will bring about the resurrection of our bodies, according to John 5:21: "The Father raiseth up the dead": and God has no need to look at any exemplar cause outside Himself. In like manner it is not the efficient cause; because an efficient cause acts only through contact, whether spiritual or corporeal. Now it is evident that Christ's Resurrection has no corporeal contact with the dead who shall rise again, owing to distance of time and place; and similarly it has no spiritual contact, which is through faith and charity, because even unbelievers and sinners shall rise again. Nor again is it the meritorious cause, because when Christ rose He was no longer a wayfarer, and consequently not in a state of merit. Therefore, Christ's Resurrection does not appear to be in any way the cause of ours.
Arg. 4 Objection 4
Praeterea, cum mors sit privatio vitae, nihil videtur esse aliud destruere mortem quam reducere vitam, quod pertinet ad resurrectionem. Sed Christus moriendo mortem nostram destruxit. Ergo mors Christi est causa nostrae resurrectionis. Non ergo eius resurrectio.
Further, since death is the privation of life, then to destroy death seems to be nothing else than to bring life back again; and this is resurrection. But "by dying, Christ destroyed our death" [Preface of Mass in Paschal Time]. Consequently, Christ's death, not His Resurrection, is the cause of our resurrection.
Sed contra On the contrary
Sed contra est quod, super illud I Cor. XV, si Christus praedicatur quod resurrexit a mortuis etc., dicit Glossa, qui est efficiens causa nostrae resurrectionis.
On the contrary, on 1 Cor. 15:12: "Now if Christ be preached, that He rose again from the dead," the gloss says: "Who is the efficient cause of our resurrection."
Respondeo I answer that
Respondeo dicendum quod illud quod est primum in quolibet genere, est causa omnium eorum quae sunt post, ut dicitur in II Metaphys. Primum autem in genere nostrae resurrectionis fuit resurrectio Christi, sicut ex supra dictis patet. Unde oportet quod resurrectio Christi sit causa nostrae resurrectionis. Et hoc est quod apostolus dicit, I Cor. XV, Christus resurrexit a mortuis primitiae dormientium, quoniam quidem per hominem mors, et per hominem resurrectio mortuorum. Et hoc rationabiliter. Nam principium humanae vivificationis est verbum Dei, de quo dicitur in Psalmo, apud te est fons vitae, unde et ipse dicit, Ioan. V, sicut pater suscitat mortuos et vivificat, sic et filius quos vult vivificat. Habet autem hoc naturalis ordo rerum divinitus institutus, ut quaelibet causa primo operetur in id quod est sibi propinquius, et per id operetur in alia magis remota, sicut ignis primo calefacit aerem propinquum, per quem calefacit corpora distantia; et ipse Deus primo illuminat substantias sibi propinquas, per quas illuminat magis remotas, ut Dionysius dicit, XIII cap. Cael. Hier. Et ideo verbum Dei primo attribuit vitam immortalem corpori sibi naturaliter unito, et per ipsum operatur resurrectionem in omnibus aliis.
I answer that, As stated in 2 Metaphysics, text 4: "Whatever is first in any order, is the cause of all that come after it." But Christ's Resurrection was the first in the order of our resurrection, as is evident from what was said above (Q. 53, A. 3). Hence Christ's Resurrection must be the cause of ours: and this is what the Apostle says (1 Cor. 15:20, 21): "Christ is risen from the dead, the first-fruits of them that sleep; for by a man came death, and by a man the resurrection of the dead."
And this is reasonable. Because the principle of human life-giving is the Word of God, of whom it is said (Ps. 35:10): "With Thee is the fountain of life": hence He Himself says (John 5:21): "As the Father raiseth up the dead, and giveth life; so the Son also giveth life to whom He will." Now the divinely established natural order is that every cause operates first upon what is nearest to it, and through it upon others which are more remote; just as fire first heats the nearest air, and through it it heats bodies that are further off: and God Himself first enlightens those substances which are closer to Him, and through them others that are more remote, as Dionysius says (Coel. Hier. xiii). Consequently, the Word of God first bestows immortal life upon that body which is naturally united with Himself, and through it works the resurrection in all other bodies.
Ad 1 Reply to Objection 1
Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut dictum est, resurrectio Christi causa est nostrae resurrectionis per virtutem verbi uniti. Quod quidem operatur secundum voluntatem. Et ideo non oportet quod statim sequatur effectus, sed secundum dispositionem verbi Dei, ut scilicet primo conformemur Christo patienti et morienti in hac vita passibili et mortali, deinde perveniamus ad participandum similitudinem resurrectionis.
As was stated above, Christ's Resurrection is the cause of ours through the power of the united Word, who operates according to His will. And consequently, it is not necessary for the effect to follow at once, but according as the Word of God disposes, namely, that first of all we be conformed to the suffering and dying Christ in this suffering and mortal life; and afterwards may come to share in the likeness of His Resurrection.
Ad 2 Reply to Objection 2
Ad secundum dicendum quod iustitia Dei est causa prima resurrectionis nostrae, resurrectio autem Christi est causa secundaria, et quasi instrumentalis. Licet autem virtus principalis agentis non determinetur ad hoc instrumentum determinate, tamen, ex quo per hoc instrumentum operatur, instrumentum illud est causa effectus. Sic igitur divina iustitia, quantum est de se, non est obligata ad resurrectionem nostram causandam per resurrectionem Christi, potuit enim alio modo nos Deus liberare quam per Christi passionem et resurrectionem, ut supra dictum est. Ex quo tamen decrevit hoc modo nos liberare, manifestum est quod resurrectio Christi est causa nostrae resurrectionis.
God's justice is the first cause of our resurrection, whereas Christ's Resurrection is the secondary, and as it were the instrumental cause. But although the power of the principal cause is not restricted to one instrument determinately, nevertheless since it works through this instrument, such instrument causes the effect. So, then, the Divine justice in itself is not tied down to Christ's Resurrection as a means of bringing about our resurrection: because God could deliver us in some other way than through Christ's Passion and Resurrection, as already stated (Q. 46, A. 2). But having once decreed to deliver us in this way, it is evident that Christ's Resurrection is the cause of ours.
Ad 3 Reply to Objection 3
Ad tertium dicendum quod resurrectio Christi non est, proprie loquendo, causa meritoria nostrae resurrectionis, sed est causa efficiens et exemplaris. Efficiens quidem, inquantum humanitas Christi, secundum quam resurrexit, est quodammodo instrumentum divinitatis ipsius, et operatur in virtute eius, ut supra dictum est. Et ideo, sicut alia quae Christus in sua humanitate fecit vel passus est, ex virtute divinitatis eius sunt nobis salutaria, ut supra dictum est; ita et resurrectio Christi est causa efficiens nostrae resurrectionis virtute divina, cuius proprium est mortuos vivificare. Quae quidem virtus praesentialiter attingit omnia loca et tempora. Et talis contactus virtualis sufficit ad rationem huius efficientiae. Et quia, ut dictum est, primordialis causa resurrectionis humanae est divina iustitia, ex qua Christus habet potestatem iudicium facere inquantum filius hominis est, virtus effectiva resurrectionis eius se extendit non solum ad bonos, sed etiam ad malos, qui sunt eius iudicio subiecti. Sicut autem resurrectio corporis Christi, ex eo quod corpus illud est personaliter verbo unitum, est prima tempore, ita etiam est prima dignitate et perfectione, ut Glossa dicit, I Cor. XV. Semper autem id quod est perfectissimum, est exemplar quod imitantur minus perfecta secundum suum modum. Et ideo resurrectio Christi est exemplar nostrae resurrectionis. Quod quidem necessarium est, non ex parte resuscitantis, qui non indiget exemplari, sed ex parte resuscitatorum, quos oportet illi resurrectioni conformari, secundum illud Philipp. III, reformabit corpus humilitatis nostrae, configuratum corpori claritatis suae. Licet autem efficientia resurrectionis Christi se extendat ad resurrectionem tam bonorum quam malorum, exemplaritas tamen eius se extendit proprie solum ad bonos, qui sunt facti conformes filiationis ipsius, ut dicitur Rom. VIII.
Properly speaking, Christ's Resurrection is not the meritorious cause, but the efficient and exemplar cause of our resurrection. It is the efficient cause, inasmuch as Christ's humanity, according to which He rose again, is as it were the instrument of His Godhead, and works by Its power, as stated above (Q. 13, AA. 2, 3). And therefore, just as all other things which Christ did and endured in His humanity are profitable to our salvation through the power of the Godhead, as already stated (Q. 48, A. 6), so also is Christ's Resurrection the efficient cause of ours, through the Divine power whose office it is to quicken the dead; and this power by its presence is in touch with all places and times; and such virtual contact suffices for its efficiency. And since, as was stated above (ad 2), the primary cause of human resurrection is the Divine justice, from which Christ has "the power of passing judgment, because He is the Son of Man" (John 5:27); the efficient power of His Resurrection extends to the good and wicked alike, who are subject to His judgment.
But just as the Resurrection of Christ's body, through its personal union with the Word, is first in point of time, so also is it first in dignity and perfection; as the gloss says on 1 Cor. 15:20, 23. But whatever is most perfect is always the exemplar, which the less perfect copies according to its mode; consequently Christ's Resurrection is the exemplar of ours. And this is necessary, not on the part of Him who rose again, who needs no exemplar, but on the part of them who are raised up, who must be likened to that Resurrection, according to Phil. 3:21: "He will reform the body of our lowness, made like to the body of His glory." Now although the efficiency of Christ's Resurrection extends to the resurrection of the good and wicked alike, still its exemplarity extends properly only to the just, who are made conformable with His Sonship, according to Rom. 8:29.
Ad 4 Reply to Objection 4
Ad quartum dicendum quod, secundum rationem efficientiae, quae dependet ex virtute divina, communiter tam mors Christi quam etiam resurrectio est causa tam destructionis mortis quam reparationis vitae. Sed secundum rationem exemplaritatis, mors Christi, per quam recessit a vita mortali, est causa destructionis mortis nostrae, resurrectio vero eius, per quam inchoavit vitam immortalem, est causa reparationis vitae nostrae. Passio tamen Christi est insuper causa meritoria, ut supra dictum est.
Considered on the part of their efficiency, which is dependent on the Divine power, both Christ's death and His Resurrection are the cause both of the destruction of death and of the renewal of life: but considered as exemplar causes, Christ's death—by which He withdrew from mortal life—is the cause of the destruction of our death; while His Resurrection, whereby He inaugurated immortal life, is the cause of the repairing of our life. But Christ's Passion is furthermore a meritorious cause, as stated above (Q. 48, A. 1).