Tertia Pars · The Life of Christ

Of the Miracles Worked by Christ, in General

III, q. 43 · Four articles

Prooemium · Thomas's plan for this question

Deinde considerandum est de miraculis a Christo factis. Et primo, in generali; secundo, in speciali de singulis miraculorum generibus; tertio, in particulari de transfiguratione ipsius. Circa primum quaeruntur quatuor. Primo, utrum Christus debuerit miracula facere. Secundo, utrum fecerit ea virtute divina. Tertio, quo tempore incoeperit miracula facere. Quarto, utrum per miracula fuerit sufficienter ostensa eius divinitas.

We must now consider the miracles worked by Christ: (1) In general; (2) Specifically, of each kind of miracle; (3) In particular, of His transfiguration.

Concerning the first, there are four points of inquiry:

(1) Whether Christ should have worked miracles?

(2) Whether He worked them by Divine power?

(3) When did He begin to work miracles?

(4) Whether His miracles are a sufficient proof of His Godhead?

1 Whether Christ Should Have Worked Miracles?
2 Whether Christ Worked Miracles by Divine Power?
3 Whether Christ Began to Work Miracles When He Changed Water into Wine at the Marriage Feast?
4 Whether the Miracles Which Christ Worked Were a Sufficient Proof of His Godhead?

Articulus I

Whether Christ Should Have Worked Miracles?

Arg. 1 Objection 1

Ad primum sic proceditur. Videtur quod Christus miracula facere non debuit. Factum enim Christi verbo ipsius debuit concordare. Sed ipse dixit, Matth. XVI, generatio mala et adultera signum quaerit, et signum non dabitur ei, nisi signum Ionae prophetae. Ergo non debuit miracula facere.

It would seem that Christ should not have worked miracles. For Christ's deeds should have been consistent with His words. But He Himself said (Matt. 16:4): "A wicked and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and a sign shall not be given it, but the sign of Jonas the prophet." Therefore He should not have worked miracles.

Arg. 2 Objection 2

Praeterea, sicut Christus in secundo adventu venturus est in virtute magna et maiestate, ut dicitur Matth. XXIV; ita in primo adventu venit in infirmitate, secundum illud Isaiae LIII, virum dolorum et scientem infirmitatem. Sed operatio miraculorum magis pertinet ad virtutem quam ad infirmitatem. Ergo non fuit conveniens ut in primo adventu miracula faceret.

Further, just as Christ, at His second coming, is to come with great power and majesty, as is written Matt. 24:30, so at His first coming He came in infirmity, according to Isa. 53:3: "A man of sorrows and acquainted with infirmity." But the working of miracles belongs to power rather than to infirmity. Therefore it was not fitting that He should work miracles in His first coming.

Arg. 3 Objection 3

Praeterea, Christus venit ad hoc ut per fidem homines salvaret, secundum illud Heb. XII, aspicientes in auctorem fidei et consummatorem, Iesum. Sed miracula diminuunt meritum fidei, unde dominus dicit, Ioan. IV, nisi signa et prodigia videritis, non creditis. Ergo videtur quod Christus non debuerit miracula facere.

Further, Christ came that He might save men by faith; according to Heb. 12:2: "Looking on Jesus, the author and finisher of faith." But miracles lessen the merit of faith; hence our Lord says (John 4:48): "Unless you see signs and wonders you believe not." Therefore it seems that Christ should not have worked miracles.

Sed contra On the contrary

Sed contra est quod ex persona adversariorum dicitur, Ioan. XI, quid facimus, quia hic homo multa signa facit?

On the contrary, It was said in the person of His adversaries (John 11:47): "What do we; for this man doth many miracles?"

Respondeo I answer that

Respondeo dicendum quod divinitus conceditur homini miracula facere, propter duo. Primo quidem, et principaliter, ad confirmandam veritatem quam aliquis docet. Quia enim ea quae sunt fidei humanam rationem excedunt, non possunt per rationes humanas probari, sed oportet quod probentur per argumentum divinae virtutis, ut, dum aliquis facit opera quae solus Deus facere potest, credantur ea quae dicuntur esse a Deo; sicut, cum aliquis defert litteras anulo regis signatas, creditur ex voluntate regis processisse quod in illis continetur. Secundo, ad ostendendum praesentiam Dei in homine per gratiam spiritus sancti, ut dum scilicet homo facit opera Dei, credatur Deus habitare in eo per gratiam. Unde dicitur, Galat. III, qui tribuit vobis spiritum, et operatur virtutes in vobis. Utrumque autem circa Christum erat hominibus manifestandum, scilicet quod Deus esset in eo per gratiam, non adoptionis, sed unionis; et quod eius supernaturalis doctrina esset a Deo. Et ideo convenientissimum fuit ut miracula faceret. Unde ipse dicit, Ioan. X, si mihi non vultis credere, operibus credite. Et Ioan. V, opera quae dedit mihi pater ut faciam, ipsa sunt quae testimonium perhibent de me.

I answer that, God enables man to work miracles for two reasons. First and principally, in confirmation of the doctrine that a man teaches. For since those things which are of faith surpass human reason, they cannot be proved by human arguments, but need to be proved by the argument of Divine power: so that when a man does works that God alone can do, we may believe that what he says is from God: just as when a man is the bearer of letters sealed with the king's ring, it is to be believed that what they contain expresses the king's will.

Secondly, in order to make known God's presence in a man by the grace of the Holy Ghost: so that when a man does the works of God we may believe that God dwells in him by His grace. Wherefore it is written (Gal. 3:5): "He who giveth to you the Spirit, and worketh miracles among you."

Now both these things were to be made known to men concerning Christ—namely, that God dwelt in Him by grace, not of adoption, but of union: and that His supernatural doctrine was from God. And therefore it was most fitting that He should work miracles. Wherefore He Himself says (John 10:38): "Though you will not believe Me, believe the works"; and (John 5:36): "The works which the Father hath given Me to perfect . . . themselves . . . give testimony to Me."

Ad 1 Reply to Objection 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod hoc quod dicit, signum non dabitur ei nisi signum Ionae, sic intelligendum est, ut Chrysostomus dicit, quod tunc non acceperunt tale signum quale petebant, scilicet de caelo, non quod nullum signum eis dederit. Vel, quia signa faciebat, non propter eos, quos sciebat lapideos esse, sed ut alios emundaret. Et ideo non eis, sed aliis illa signa dabantur.

These words, "a sign shall not be given it, but the sign of Jonas," mean, as Chrysostom says (Hom. xliii in Matth.), that "they did not receive a sign such as they sought, viz. from heaven": but not that He gave them no sign at all. Or that "He worked signs not for the sake of those whom He knew to be hardened, but to amend others." Therefore those signs were given, not to them, but to others.

Ad 2 Reply to Objection 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod, licet Christus venerit in infirmitate carnis, quod manifestatur per passiones, venit tamen in virtute Dei. Quod erat manifestandum per miracula.

Although Christ came "in the infirmity" of the flesh, which is manifested in the passions, yet He came "in the power of God" [Cf. 2 Cor. 13:4], and this had to be made manifest by miracles.

Ad 3 Reply to Objection 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod miracula intantum diminuunt meritum fidei, inquantum per hoc ostenditur duritia eorum qui nolunt credere ea quae Scripturis divinis probantur, nisi per miracula. Et tamen melius est eis ut vel per miracula convertantur ad fidem quam quod omnino in infidelitate permaneant. Dicitur enim I Cor. XIV, quod signa data sunt infidelibus, ut scilicet convertantur ad fidem.

Miracles lessen the merit of faith in so far as those are shown to be hard of heart who are unwilling to believe what is proved from the Scriptures unless (they are convinced) by miracles. Yet it is better for them to be converted to the faith even by miracles than that they should remain altogether in their unbelief. For it is written (1 Cor. 14:22) that signs are given "to unbelievers," viz. that they may be converted to the faith.

Articulus II

Whether Christ Worked Miracles by Divine Power?

Arg. 1 Objection 1

Ad secundum sic proceditur. Videtur quod Christus non fecerit miracula virtute divina. Virtus enim divina est omnipotens. Sed videtur quod Christus non fuerit omnipotens in miraculis faciendis, dicitur enim Marci VI, quod non poterat ibi, scilicet in patria sua, ullam virtutem facere. Ergo videtur quod non fecerit miracula virtute divina.

It would seem that Christ did not work miracles by Divine power. For the Divine power is omnipotent. But it seems that Christ was not omnipotent in working miracles; for it is written (Mk. 6:5) that "He could not do any miracles there," i.e. in His own country. Therefore it seems that He did not work miracles by Divine power.

Arg. 2 Objection 2

Praeterea, Dei non est orare. Sed Christus aliquando in miraculis faciendis orabat, ut patet in suscitatione Lazari, Ioan. XI; et in multiplicatione panum, ut patet Matth. XIV. Ergo videtur quod non fecerit miracula virtute divina.

Further, God does not pray. But Christ sometimes prayed when working miracles; as may be seen in the raising of Lazarus (John 11:41, 42), and in the multiplication of the loaves, as related Matt. 14:19. Therefore it seems that He did not work miracles by Divine power.

Arg. 3 Objection 3

Praeterea, ea quae virtute divina fiunt, non possunt virtute alicuius creaturae fieri. Sed ea quae Christus faciebat, poterant etiam fieri virtute alicuius creaturae, unde et Pharisaei dicebant quod in Beelzebub, principe Daemoniorum, eiiciebat Daemonia. Ergo videtur quod Christus non fecerit miracula virtute divina.

Further, what is done by Divine power cannot be done by the power of any creature. But the things which Christ did could be done also by the power of a creature: wherefore the Pharisees said (Luke 11:15) that He cast out devils "by Beelzebub the prince of devils." Therefore it seems that Christ did not work miracles by Divine power.

Sed contra On the contrary

Sed contra est quod dominus dicit, Ioan. XIV, pater, in me manens, ipse facit opera.

On the contrary, our Lord said (John 14:10): "The Father who abideth in Me, He doth the works."

Respondeo I answer that

Respondeo dicendum quod, sicut in prima parte habitum est, vera miracula sola virtute divina fieri possunt, quia solus Deus potest mutare naturae ordinem, quod pertinet ad rationem miraculi. Unde Leo Papa dicit, in epistola ad Flavianum, quod, cum in Christo sint duae naturae, una earum est, scilicet divina, quae fulget miraculis; altera, scilicet humana, quae succumbit iniuriis; et tamen una earum agit cum communicatione alterius, inquantum scilicet humana natura est instrumentum divinae actionis, et actio humana virtutem accepit a natura divina, sicut supra habitum est.

I answer that, as stated in the First Part (Q. 110, A. 4), true miracles cannot be wrought save by Divine power: because God alone can change the order of nature; and this is what is meant by a miracle. Wherefore Pope Leo says (Ep. ad Flav. xxviii) that, while there are two natures in Christ, there is "one," viz. the Divine, which shines forth in miracles; and "another," viz. the human, "which submits to insults"; yet "each communicates its actions to the other": in as far as the human nature is the instrument of the Divine action, and the human action receives power from the Divine Nature, as stated above (Q. 19, A. 1).

Ad 1 Reply to Objection 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod hoc quod dicitur, non poterat ibi ullam virtutem facere, non est referendum ad potentiam absolutam, sed ad id quod potest fieri congruenter, non enim congruum erat ut inter incredulos operaretur miracula. Unde subditur, et mirabatur propter incredulitatem eorum. Secundum quem modum dicitur Gen. XVIII, non celare potero Abraham quae gesturus sum; et XIX, non potero facere quidquam donec ingrediaris illuc.

When it is said that "He could not do any miracles there," it is not to be understood that He could not do them absolutely, but that it was not fitting for Him to do them: for it was unfitting for Him to work miracles among unbelievers. Wherefore it is said farther on: "And He wondered because of their unbelief." In like manner it is said (Gen. 18:17): "Can I hide from Abraham what I am about to do?" and Gen. 19:22: "I cannot do anything till thou go in thither."

Ad 2 Reply to Objection 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod, sicut Chrysostomus dicit, super illud Matth. XIV, acceptis quinque panibus et duobus piscibus aspiciens in caelum benedixit et fregit, oportebat, inquit, credi de Christo quoniam a patre est, et quoniam ei aequalis est. Et ideo, ut utrumque ostendat, nunc quidem cum potestate, nunc autem orans miracula facit. Et in minoribus quidem respicit in caelum, puta in multiplicatione panum, in maioribus autem, quae sunt solius Dei, cum potestate agit, puta quando peccata dimisit, mortuos suscitavit. Quod autem dicitur Ioan. XI, quod in suscitatione Lazari oculos sursum levavit, non propter necessitatem suffragii, sed propter exemplum hoc fecit. Unde dicit, propter populum qui circumstat dixi, ut credant quia tu me misisti.

As Chrysostom says on Matt. 14:19, "He took the five loaves and the two fishes, and, looking up to heaven, He blessed and brake: It was to be believed of Him, both that He is of the Father and that He is equal to Him . . . Therefore that He might prove both, He works miracles now with authority, now with prayer . . . in the lesser things, indeed, He looks up to heaven"—for instance, in multiplying the loaves—"but in the greater, which belong to God alone, He acts with authority; for example, when He forgave sins and raised the dead."

When it is said that in raising Lazarus He lifted up His eyes (John 11:41), this was not because He needed to pray, but because He wished to teach us how to pray. Wherefore He said: "Because of the people who stand about have I said it: that they may believe that Thou hast sent Me."

Ad 3 Reply to Objection 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod Christus alio modo expellebat Daemones quam virtute Daemonum expellantur. Nam virtute superiorum Daemonum ita Daemones a corporibus expelluntur quod tamen remanet dominium eorum quantum ad animam, non enim contra regnum suum Diabolus agit. Sed Christus Daemones expellebat non solum a corpore, sed multo magis ab anima. Et ideo dominus blasphemiam Iudaeorum dicentium eum in virtute Daemonum Daemonia eiicere, reprobavit, primo quidem, per hoc quod Satanas contra seipsum non dividitur. Secundo, exemplo aliorum, qui Daemonia eiiciebant per spiritum Dei. Tertio, quia Daemonium expellere non posset nisi ipsum vicisset virtute divina. Quarto, quia nulla convenientia in operibus nec in effectu erat sibi et Satanae, cum Satanas dispergere cuperet quos Christus colligebat.

Christ cast out demons otherwise than they are cast out by the power of demons. For demons are cast out from bodies by the power of higher demons in such a way that they retain their power over the soul: since the devil does not work against his own kingdom. On the other hand, Christ cast out demons, not only from the body, but still more from the soul. For this reason our Lord rebuked the blasphemy of the Jews, who said that He cast out demons by the power of the demons: first, by saying that Satan is not divided against himself; secondly, by quoting the instance of others who cast out demons by the Spirit of God; thirdly, because He could not have cast out a demon unless He had overcome Him by Divine power; fourthly, because there was nothing in common between His works and their effects and those of Satan; since Satan's purpose was to "scatter" those whom Christ "gathered" together [Cf. Matt. 12:24-30; Mk. 3:22; Luke 11:15-32].

Articulus III

Whether Christ Began to Work Miracles When He Changed Water into Wine at the Marriage Feast?

Arg. 1 Objection 1

Ad tertium sic proceditur. Videtur quod Christus non incoeperit miracula facere in nuptiis, mutando aquam in vinum. Legitur enim in libro de infantia salvatoris, quod Christus in sua pueritia multa miracula fecit. Sed miraculum de conversione aquae in vinum fecit in nuptiis trigesimo vel trigesimoprimo anno suae aetatis. Ergo videtur quod non incoeperit tunc miracula facere.

It would seem that Christ did not begin to work miracles when He changed water into wine at the marriage feast. For we read in the book De Infantia Salvatoris that Christ worked many miracles in His childhood. But the miracle of changing water into wine at the marriage feast took place in the thirtieth or thirty-first year of His age. Therefore it seems that it was not then that He began to work miracles.

Arg. 2 Objection 2

Praeterea, Christus faciebat miracula secundum virtutem divinam. Sed virtus divina fuit in eo a principio suae conceptionis, ex tunc enim fuit Deus et homo. Ergo videtur quod a principio miracula fecerit.

Further, Christ worked miracles by Divine power. Now He was possessed of Divine power from the first moment of His conception; for from that instant He was both God and man. Therefore it seems that He worked miracles from the very first.

Arg. 3 Objection 3

Praeterea, Christus post Baptismum et tentationem coepit discipulos congregare, ut legitur Matth. IV et Ioan. I. Sed discipuli praecipue congregati sunt ad ipsum propter miracula, sicut dicitur Luc. V, quod Petrum vocavit obstupescentem propter miraculum quod fecerat in captura piscium. Ergo videtur quod ante miraculum quod fecit in nuptiis, fecerit alia miracula.

Further, Christ began to gather His disciples after His baptism and temptation, as related Matt. 4:18 and John 1:35. But the disciples gathered around Him, principally on account of His miracles: thus it is written (Luke 5:4) that He called Peter when "he was astonished at" the miracle which He had worked in "the draught of fishes." Therefore it seems that He worked other miracles before that of the marriage feast.

Sed contra On the contrary

Sed contra est quod dicitur Ioan. II, hoc fecit initium signorum Iesus in Cana Galilaeae.

On the contrary, It is written (John 2:11): "This beginning of miracles did Jesus in Cana of Galilee."

Respondeo I answer that

Respondeo dicendum quod miracula facta sunt a Christo propter confirmationem eius doctrinae, et ad ostendendum virtutem divinam in ipso. Et ideo, quantum ad primum, non debuit ante miracula facere quam docere inciperet. Non autem debuit incipere docere ante perfectam aetatem, ut supra habitum est, cum de Baptismo eius ageretur. Quantum autem ad secundum, sic debuit per miracula divinitatem ostendere ut crederetur veritas humanitatis ipsius. Et ideo, sicut dicit Chrysostomus, super Ioan., decenter non incoepit signa facere ex prima aetate, existimassent enim phantasiam esse incarnationem, et ante opportunum tempus cruci eum tradidissent.

I answer that, Christ worked miracles in order to confirm His doctrine, and in order to show forth His Divine power. Therefore, as to the first, it was unbecoming for Him to work miracles before He began to teach. And it was unfitting that He should begin to teach until He reached the perfect age, as we stated above, in speaking of His baptism (Q. 39, A. 3). But as to the second, it was right that He should so manifest His Godhead by working miracles that men should believe in the reality of His manhood. And, consequently, as Chrysostom says (Hom. xxi in Joan.), "it was fitting that He should not begin to work wonders from His early years: for men would have deemed the Incarnation to be imaginary and would have crucified Him before the proper time."

Ad 1 Reply to Objection 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod, sicut Chrysostomus dicit, super Ioan., ex verbo Ioannis Baptistae dicentis, ut manifestetur in Israel, propterea veni ego in aqua baptizans, manifestum est quod illa signa quae quidam dicunt in pueritia a Christo facta, mendacia et fictiones sunt. Si enim a prima aetate miracula fecisset Christus, nequaquam neque Ioannes eum ignorasset, neque reliqua multitudo indiguisset magistro ad manifestandum eum.

As Chrysostom says (Hom. xvii in Joan.), in regard to the saying of John the Baptist, "'That He may be made manifest in Israel, therefore am I come baptizing with water,' it is clear that the wonders which some pretend to have been worked by Christ in His childhood are untrue and fictitious. For had Christ worked miracles from His early years, John would by no means have been unacquainted with Him, nor would the rest of the people have stood in need of a teacher to point Him out to them."

Ad 2 Reply to Objection 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod divina virtus operabatur in Christo secundum quod erat necessarium ad salutem humanam, propter quam carnem assumpserat. Et ideo sic miracula fecit virtute divina ut fidei de veritate carnis eius praeiudicium non fieret.

What the Divine power achieved in Christ was in proportion to the needs of the salvation of mankind, the achievement of which was the purpose of His taking flesh. Consequently He so worked miracles by the Divine power as not to prejudice our belief in the reality of His flesh.

Ad 3 Reply to Objection 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod hoc ipsum ad laudem discipulorum pertinet, quod Christum secuti sunt cum nulla eum miracula facere vidissent, sicut Gregorius dicit, in quadam homilia. Et, ut Chrysostomus dicit, maxime tunc signa necessarium erat facere, quando discipuli iam congregati erant et devoti, et attendentes his quae fiebant. Unde subditur, et crediderunt in eum discipuli eius, non quia tunc primum crediderunt; sed quia tunc diligentius et perfectius crediderunt. Vel discipulos vocat eos qui futuri erant discipuli, sicut exponit Augustinus, in libro de consensu Evangelistarum.

The disciples were to be commended precisely because they followed Christ "without having seen Him work any miracles," as Gregory says in a homily (Hom. v in Evang.). And, as Chrysostom says (Hom. xxiii in Joan.), "the need for working miracles arose then, especially when the disciples were already gathered around and attached to Him, and attentive to what was going on around them. Hence it is added: 'And His disciples believed in Him,'" not because they then believed in Him for the first time, but because then "they believed with greater discernment and perfection." Or they are called "disciples" because "they were to be disciples later on," as Augustine observes (De Consensu Evang. ii).

Articulus IV

Whether the Miracles Which Christ Worked Were a Sufficient Proof of His Godhead?

Arg. 1 Objection 1

Ad quartum sic proceditur. Videtur quod miracula quae Christus fecit, non fuerunt sufficientia ad ostendendam divinitatem ipsius. Esse enim Deum et hominem proprium est Christo. Sed miracula quae Christus fecit, etiam ab aliis sunt facta. Ergo videtur quod non fuerint sufficientia ad ostendendam divinitatem ipsius.

It would seem that the miracles which Christ worked were not a sufficient proof of His Godhead. For it is proper to Christ to be both God and man. But the miracles which Christ worked have been done by others also. Therefore they were not a sufficient proof of His Godhead.

Arg. 2 Objection 2

Praeterea, virtute divinitatis nihil est maius. Sed aliqui fecerunt maiora miracula quam Christus, dicitur enim Ioan. XIV, qui credit in me, opera quae ego facio, et ipse faciet, et maiora horum faciet. Ergo videtur quod miracula quae Christus fecit, non fuerint sufficientia ad ostendendum divinitatem ipsius.

Further, no power surpasses that of the Godhead. But some have worked greater miracles than Christ, for it is written (John 14:12): "He that believeth in Me, the works that I do, he also shall do, and greater than these shall he do." Therefore it seems that the miracles which Christ worked are not sufficient proof of His Godhead.

Arg. 3 Objection 3

Praeterea, ex particulari non sufficienter ostenditur universale. Sed quodlibet miraculorum Christi fuit quoddam particulare opus. Ergo ex nullo eorum potuit manifestari sufficienter divinitas Christi, ad quam pertinet universalem virtutem habere de omnibus.

Further, the particular is not a sufficient proof of the universal. But any one of Christ's miracles was one particular work. Therefore none of them was a sufficient proof of His Godhead, by reason of which He had universal power over all things.

Sed contra On the contrary

Sed contra est quod dominus dicit, Ioan. V, opera quae dedit mihi pater ut faciam, ipsa testimonium perhibent de me.

On the contrary, our Lord said (John 5:36): "The works which the Father hath given Me to perfect . . . themselves . . . give testimony of Me."

Respondeo I answer that

Respondeo dicendum quod miracula quae Christus fecit, sufficientia erant ad manifestandum divinitatem ipsius, secundum tria. Primo quidem, secundum ipsam speciem operum, quae transcendebant omnem potestatem creatae virtutis, et ideo non poterant fieri nisi virtute divina. Et propter hoc caecus illuminatus dicebat, Ioan. IX a saeculo non est auditum quia aperuit quis oculos caeci nati. Nisi esset hic a Deo, non posset facere quidquam. Secundo, propter modum miracula faciendi, quia scilicet quasi propria potestate miracula faciebat, non autem orando, sicut alii. Unde dicitur Luc. VI, quod virtus de illo exibat et sanabat omnes. Per quod ostenditur, sicut Cyrillus dicit, quod non accipiebat alienam virtutem, sed, cum esset naturaliter Deus, propriam virtutem super infirmos ostendebat. Et propter hoc etiam innumerabilia miracula faciebat. Unde super illud Matth. VIII, eiiciebat spiritus verbo, et omnes male habentes curavit, dicit Chrysostomus, intende quantam multitudinem curatam transcurrunt Evangelistae, non unumquemque curatum enarrantes, sed uno verbo pelagus ineffabile miraculorum inducentes. Et ex hoc ostendebatur quod haberet virtutem coaequalem Deo patri, secundum illud Ioan. V, quaecumque pater facit, haec et filius similiter facit; et ibidem, sicut pater suscitat mortuos et vivificat, sic et filius quos vult vivificat. Tertio, ex ipsa doctrina qua se Deum dicebat, quae nisi vera esset, non confirmaretur miraculis divina virtute factis. Et ideo dicitur Marci I, quaenam doctrina haec nova? Quia in potestate spiritibus immundis imperat, et obediunt ei?

I answer that, The miracles which Christ worked were a sufficient proof of His Godhead in three respects. First, as to the very nature of the works, which surpassed the entire capability of created power, and therefore could not be done save by Divine power. For this reason the blind man, after his sight had been restored, said (John 9:32, 33): "From the beginning of the world it has not been heard, that any man hath opened the eyes of one born blind. Unless this man were of God, he could not do anything."

Secondly, as to the way in which He worked miracles—namely, because He worked miracles as though of His own power, and not by praying, as others do. Wherefore it is written (Luke 6:19) that "virtue went out from Him and healed all." Whereby it is proved, as Cyril says (Comment. in Lucam) that "He did not receive power from another, but, being God by nature, He showed His own power over the sick. And this is how He worked countless miracles." Hence on Matt. 8:16: "He cast out spirits with His word, and all that were sick He healed," Chrysostom says: "Mark how great a multitude of persons healed, the Evangelists pass quickly over, not mentioning one by one . . . but in one word traversing an unspeakable sea of miracles." And thus it was shown that His power was co-equal with that of God the Father, according to John 5:19: "What things soever" the Father "doth, these the Son doth also in like manner"; and, again (John 5:21): "As the Father raiseth up the dead and giveth life, so the Son also giveth life to whom He will."

Thirdly, from the very fact that He taught that He was God; for unless this were true it would not be confirmed by miracles worked by Divine power. Hence it was said (Mk. 1:27): "What is this new doctrine? For with power He commandeth the unclean spirits, and they obey Him."

Ad 1 Reply to Objection 1

Ad primum ergo dicendum quod haec erat obiectio gentilium. Unde Augustinus dicit, in epistola ad Volusianum, nulla, inquiunt, competentibus signis tantae maiestatis indicia claruerunt. Quia larvalis illa purgatio, qua scilicet Daemones effugabat, debilium cura, reddita vita defunctis, si et alia considerentur, Deo parva sunt. Et ad hoc respondet Augustinus, fatemur et nos talia quidem fecisse prophetas. Sed et ipse Moyses et ceteri prophetae dominum Iesum prophetaverunt, et ei gloriam magnam dederunt. Qui propterea talia et ipse facere voluit, ne esset absurdum, quod per illos fecerat, si ipse non faceret. Sed tamen et aliquid proprium facere debuit, nasci de virgine, resurgere a mortuis, in caelum ascendere. Hoc Deo qui parum putat, quid plus expectet ignoro. Num, homine assumpto, alium mundum facere debuit, ut eum esse crederemus per quem factus est mundus? Sed nec maior mundus, nec isti aequalis in hoc fieri posset, si autem minorem faceret infra istum, similiter hoc quoque parum putaretur. Quae tamen alii fecerunt, Christus excellentius fecit. Unde super Ioan. XV, si opera non fecissem in eis quae nemo alius fecit, etc., dicit Augustinus, nulla in operibus Christi videntur esse maiora quam suscitatio mortuorum, quod scimus etiam antiquos fecisse prophetas. Fecit tamen aliqua Christus quae nemo alius fecit. Sed respondetur nobis et alios fecisse quae nec ipse, nec alius fecit. Sed quod tam multa vitia et malas valetudines vexationesque mortalium tanta potestate sanaret, nullus omnino legitur antiquorum fecisse. Ut enim taceatur quod iubendo, sicut occurrebant, salvos singulos fecit, Marcus dicit, quocumque introibat in vicos aut in villas aut in civitates, in plateis ponebant infirmos, et deprecabantur eum ut vel fimbriam vestimenti eius tangerent, et quotquot tangebant eum, salvi fiebant. Haec nemo alius fecit in eis. Sic enim intelligendum est quod ait, in eis, non inter eos, aut coram eis, sed prorsus in eis, quia sanavit eos. Nec tamen alius fecit, quicumque in eis talia opera fecit, quoniam quisquis alius homo aliquid eorum fecit, ipso faciente fecit; haec autem ipse, non illis facientibus, fecit.

This was the argument of the Gentiles. Wherefore Augustine says (Ep. ad Volusian. cxxxvii): "No suitable wonders, say they, show forth the presence of so great majesty, for the ghostly cleansing" whereby He cast out demons, "the cure of the sick, the raising of the dead to life, if other miracles be taken into account, are small things before God." To this Augustine answers thus: "We own that the prophets did as much . . . But even Moses himself and the other prophets made Christ the Lord the object of their prophecy, and gave Him great glory . . . He, therefore, chose to do similar things to avoid the inconsistency of failing to do what He had done through others. Yet still He was bound to do something which no other had done: to be born of a virgin, to rise from the dead, and to ascend into heaven. If anyone deem this a slight thing for God to do, I know not what more he can expect. Having become man, ought He to have made another world, that we might believe Him to be Him by whom the world was made? But in this world neither a greater world could be made nor one equal to it: and if He had made a lesser world in comparison with this, that too would have been deemed a small thing."

As to the miracles worked by others, Christ did greater still. Hence on John 15:24: "If I had not done in [Douay: 'among'] them the works that no other men hath done," etc., Augustine says: "None of the works of Christ seem to be greater than the raising of the dead: which thing we know the ancient prophets also did . . . Yet Christ did some works 'which no other man hath done.' But we are told in answer that others did works which He did not, and which none other did . . . But to heal with so great a power so many defects and ailments and grievances of mortal men, this we read concerning none soever of the men of old. To say nothing of those, each of whom by His bidding, as they came in His way, He made whole . . . Mark saith (6:56): 'Whithersoever He entered, into towns or into villages or into cities, they laid the sick in the streets, and besought Him that they might touch but the hem of His garment: and as many as touched Him were made whole.' These things none other did in them; for when He saith 'In them,' it is not to be understood to mean 'Among them,' or 'In their presence,' but wholly 'In them,' because He healed them . . . Therefore whatever works He did in them are works that none ever did; since if ever any other man did any one of them, by His doing he did it; whereas these works He did, not by their doing, but by Himself."

Ad 2 Reply to Objection 2

Ad secundum dicendum quod Augustinus, exponens illud verbum Ioannis, inquirit, quae sunt ista opera maiora, quae credentes in eum erant facturi? An forte quod aegros, ipsis transeuntibus, etiam eorum umbra sanabat? Maius est enim quod sanet umbra, quam fimbria. Veruntamen, quando ista Christus dicebat, verborum suorum facta et opera commendabat. Cum enim dixit, pater in me manens ipse facit opera, quae opera tunc dicebat, nisi verba quae loquebatur? Et eorundem verborum fructus erat fides illorum. Veruntamen, evangelizantibus discipulis, non tam pauci quam illi erant, sed gentes etiam crediderunt. Nonne ab ore ipsius dives ille tristis abscessit, et tamen postea, quod ab illo auditum non fecit unus, fecerunt multi cum per discipulos loqueretur? Ecce, maiora fecit praedicatus a credentibus, quam locutus audientibus. Verum hoc adhuc movet, quod haec maiora per apostolos fecit, non autem ipsos tantum significans ait, qui credit in me. Audi ergo, qui credit in me, opera quae ego facio, et ipse faciet. Prius ego facio, deinde et ipse faciet, quia facio ut faciat. Quae opera, nisi ut ex impio iustus fiat? Quod utique in illo, sed non sine illo Christus operatur. Prorsus maius hoc esse dixerim quam creare caelum et terram, caelum enim et terra transibunt, praedestinatorum autem salus et iustificatio permanebit. Sed in caelis Angeli opera sunt Christi. Nunquid his operibus maiora facit qui cooperatur Christo ad suam iustificationem? Iudicet qui potest utrum maius sit iustos creare, quam impios iustificare. Certe, si aequalis est utrumque potentiae, hoc maioris est misericordiae. Sed omnia opera Christi intelligere ubi ait, maiora horum faciet, nulla nos necessitas cogit. Horum enim forsitan dixit quae illa hora faciebat. Tunc autem verba fidei faciebat, et utique minus est verba praedicare iustitiae, quod fecit praeter nos, quam impium iustificare, quod ita facit in nobis ut faciamus et nos.

Augustine explains this passage of John as follows (Tract. lxxi): "What are these 'greater works' which believers in Him would do? That, as they passed by, their very shadow healed the sick? For it is greater that a shadow should heal than the hem of a garment . . . When, however, He said these words, it was the deeds and works of His words that He spoke of: for when He said . . . 'The Father who abideth in Me, He doth the works,' what works did He mean, then, but the words He was speaking? . . . and the fruits of those same words was the faith of those (who believed): but when the disciples preached the Gospel, not some few like those, but the very nations believed . . . (Tract. lxxii). Did not that rich man go away from His presence sorrowful? . . . and yet afterwards, what one individual, having heard from Him, did not, that many did when He spake by the mouth of His disciples . . . Behold, He did greater works when spoken of by men believing than when speaking to men hearing. But there is yet this difficulty: that He did these 'greater works' by the apostles: whereas He saith as meaning not only them: . . . 'He that believeth in Me' . . . Listen! . . . 'He that believeth in Me, the works that I do, he also shall do': first, 'I do,' then 'he also shall do,' because I do that he may do. What works—but that from ungodly he should be made righteous? . . . Which thing Christ worketh in him, truly, but not without him. Yes, I may affirm this to be altogether greater than to create" [The words 'to create' are not in the text of St. Augustine] "heaven and earth . . . for 'heaven and earth shall pass away'; but the salvation and justification of the predestinate shall remain . . . But also in the heavens . . . the angels are the works of Christ: and does that man do greater works than these, who co-operates with Christ in the work of his justification? . . . let him, who can, judge whether it be greater to create a righteous being than to justify an ungodly one. Certainly if both are works of equal power, the latter is a work of greater mercy."

"But there is no need for us to understand all the works of Christ, where He saith 'Greater than these shall he do.' For by 'these' He meant, perhaps, those which He was doing at that hour: now at that time He was speaking words of faith: . . . and certainly it is less to preach words of righteousness, which thing He did without us, than to justify the ungodly, which thing He so doth in us that we also do it ourselves."

Ad 3 Reply to Objection 3

Ad tertium dicendum quod, quando aliquod particulare opus proprium est alicuius agentis, tunc per illud particulare opus probatur tota virtus agentis, sicut, cum ratiocinari sit proprium hominis, ostenditur aliquis esse homo ex hoc ipso quod ratiocinatur circa quodcumque particulare propositum. Et similiter cum propria virtute miracula facere sit solius Dei, sufficienter ostensum est Christum esse Deum ex quocumque miraculo quod propria virtute fecit.

When some particular work is proper to some agent, then that particular work is a sufficient proof of the whole power of that agent: thus, since the act of reasoning is proper to man, the mere fact that someone reasons about any particular proposition proves him to be a man. In like manner, since it is proper to God to work miracles by His own power, any single miracle worked by Christ by His own power is a sufficient proof that He is God.

Showing Thomas's answers only.